what is Jim wanted for, with a reward of $300 attached to his capture

Criminal organization

James–Younger Gang

Jesse and Frank James, 1872
Named afterwards	Jesse James Cole Younger
Formation	1861
Dissolved	September 7, 1881; 140 years ago  (1881-09-07)
Location	Missouri
Methods	Robbery

The James–Younger Gang was a notable 19th-century gang of American outlaws that revolved effectually Jesse James and his brother Frank James. The gang was based in the country of Missouri, the home of most of the members.

Membership fluctuated from robbery to robbery, equally the outlaws' raids were usually separated by many months. As well as the notorious James brothers, at diverse times information technology included the Younger brothers (Cole, Jim, John, and Bob), John Jarrett (married to the Youngers' sister Josie), Arthur McCoy, George Shepherd, Oliver Shepherd, William McDaniel, Tom McDaniel, Clell Miller, Charlie Pitts (born Samuel A. Wells),^[ane] and Bill Chadwell (alias Bill Stiles).

The James–Younger Gang had its origins in a group of Confederate bushwhackers that participated in the bitter partisan fighting that wracked Missouri during the American Civil State of war. After the war, the men continued to plunder and murder, though the motive shifted to personal profit rather than in the name of the Confederacy. The loose clan of outlaws did not truly get the "James–Younger Gang" until 1868 at the earliest, when the authorities first named Cole Younger, John Jarrett, Arthur McCoy, George Shepherd and Oliver Shepherd equally suspects in the robbery of the Nimrod Long banking concern in Russellville, Kentucky.

The James–Younger Gang dissolved in 1876, post-obit the capture of the Younger brothers in Minnesota during the unsuccessful attempt to rob the Northfield Offset National Bank. Iii years later, Jesse James organized a new gang, including Clell Miller's brother Ed and the Ford brothers (Robert and Charles), and renewed his criminal career. This career came to an terminate in 1882 when Robert Ford shot James from behind, killing him.

For nigh a decade post-obit the Civil War, the James–Younger Gang was amid the most feared, most publicized, and most wanted confederations of outlaws on the American frontier. Though their crimes were reckless and brutal, many members of the gang commanded a notoriety in the public eye that earned the gang significant popular support and sympathy. The gang'south activities spanned much of the central part of the country; they are suspected of having robbed banks, trains, and stagecoaches in at least eleven states: Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Alabama, and Westward Virginia.

History [edit]

Origins [edit]

From the beginning of the American Civil War, the land of Missouri had called not to secede from the Union but not to fight for it or against information technology either: its position, every bit determined past an 1861 ramble convention, was officially neutral. Missouri, however, had been the scene of much of the agitation leading up to the outbreak of the state of war, and was dwelling house to dedicated partisans from both sides. In the mid-1850s, local Unionists and Secessionists had begun to battle each other throughout the state, and by the stop of 1861, guerrilla warfare erupted between Confederate partisans known as "bushwhackers" and the more organized Union forces. The Missouri State Guard and the newly elected Governor of Missouri, Claiborne Flim-flam Jackson, who maintained implicit Southern sympathies, were forced into exile every bit Union troops nether Nathaniel Lyon and John C. Frémont took control of the state. Still, pro-Confederate guerrillas resisted; by early on 1862, the Unionist provisional regime mobilized a state militia to fight the increasingly organized and deadly partisans. This conflict (fought largely, though not exclusively, betwixt Missourians themselves) raged until later on the autumn of Richmond and the surrender of General Robert E. Lee, costing thousands of lives and devastating broad swathes of the Missouri countryside.

The disharmonize apace escalated into a succession of atrocities committed by both sides. Matrimony troops often executed or tortured suspects without trial and burned the homes of suspected guerrillas and those suspected of aiding or harboring them. Where credentials were doubtable, the accused guerrilla was often executed, as in the case of Lt. Col. Frisby McCullough subsequently the Battle of Kirksville. Bushwhackers, meanwhile, frequently went house to house, executing Unionist farmers.

The James and Younger brothers belonged to families from an area known as "Footling Dixie" in western Missouri with strong ties to the South. Zerelda Samuel, the mother of Frank and Jesse James, was an outspoken partisan of the Due south, though the Youngers' begetter, Henry Washington Younger, was believed to exist a Unionist. Cole Younger's initial decision to fight as a bushwhacker is usually attributed to the decease of his father at the easily of Union forces in July 1862. He and Frank James fought under one of the most famous Confederate bushwhackers, William Clarke Quantrill, though Cole somewhen joined the regular Amalgamated Ground forces. Jesse James began his guerrilla career in 1864, at the historic period of sixteen, fighting alongside Frank under the leadership of Archie Cloudless and "Bloody Nib" Anderson.

At the state of war's end, Frank James surrendered in Kentucky; Jesse James attempted to surrender to Union militia but was shot through the lung outside of Lexington, Missouri.^[two] He was nursed back to health by his cousin, Zerelda "Zee" Mimms, whom he somewhen married. When Cole Younger returned from a mission to California, he learned that Quantrill and Anderson had both been killed. The James brothers, even so, connected to acquaintance with their old guerrilla comrades, who remained together under the leadership of Archie Cloudless. It was likely Clement who, amid the tumult of Reconstruction in Missouri, turned the guerrillas into outlaws.

Early years: 1866 to 1870 [edit]

On February 12, 1866, a group of gunmen carried out one of the beginning daylight, peacetime, armed bank robberies in U.S. history when they held up the Dirt Canton Savings Association in Liberty, Missouri. The outlaws stole some $60,000 in cash and bonds and killed a eyewitness named George Wymore on the street outside the depository financial institution.^[iii] State authorities suspected Archie Clement of leading the raid, and promptly issued a reward for his capture. In after years, the list of suspects grew to include Jesse^[4] and Frank James, Cole Younger, John Jarrett, Oliver Shepherd, Bud and Donny Pence, Frank Greg, Bill and James Wilkerson, Joab Perry, Ben Cooper, Red Mankus, and Allen Parmer (who after married Susan James, Frank and Jesse'due south sister).

Four months later, on June 13, 1866, two members of Quantrill's Raiders were freed from prison house in Independence, Missouri; the jailer, Henry Bugler, was killed. The James brothers are believed to have been involved.^[5] The gang began a cord of robberies, many of which were linked to Clement'south group of bushwhackers. The concord-up most conspicuously linked to the group was of Alexander Mitchell and Company in Lexington, Missouri, on October 30, 1866, which netted $2,011.l. Clement was also linked to violence and intimidation against officials of the Republican authorities that at present held power in the state. On ballot day, Clement led his men into Lexington, where they drove Republican voters away from the polls, thereby securing a Republican defeat. A detachment of state militiamen was dispatched to the town. They convinced the bushwhackers to disperse, then attempted to capture Clement, who all the same had a price on his caput. Clement refused to surrender and was shot down in a wild gunfight on the streets of Lexington.

Despite the expiry of Clement, his old followers remained together, and robbed a bank across the Missouri River from Lexington in Richmond, Missouri, on May 22, 1867, in which the town mayor John B. Shaw and ii lawmen [Barry and George Griffin] were killed.^[6] This was followed on March 20, 1868, by a raid on the Nimrod Long bank in Russellville, Kentucky. In the aftermath of the two raids, however, the more senior bushwhackers were killed, captured or merely left the grouping. This set the stage for the emergence of the James and Younger brothers, and the transformation of the old crew into the James–Younger Gang. John Jarrett and Arthur McCoy were mentioned in numerous newspaper accounts, then they were probable active in gang activities upwards to 1875.^{[ citation needed ]}

Artist'southward concept of the 1869 shooting of Capt. John Sheets of Gallatin, allegedly by Frank and Jesse James.

On December 7, 1869, Frank and Jesse James are believed to have robbed the Daviess County Savings Association in Gallatin, Missouri.^[7] Jesse is suspected of having shot down the cashier, John Due west. Sheets,^[8] in the mistaken belief that he was Samuel P. Cox, the Union militia officer who had ambushed and killed "Bloody Bill" Anderson during the Civil War. The James brothers were unknown up to this bespeak; this may have been their beginning robbery.^{[ citation needed ]} Their names were later added to previous robberies as an reconsideration.

1871 to 1873 [edit]

Jesse James Farm in Kearney, Missouri. The original farmhouse is on the left and an addition on the correct was expanded after Jesse James died. Beyond a creek and upwards a loma on the correct was the home of Daniel Askew who was killed at dwelling house on Apr 12, 1875. Beveled was suspected of cooperating with the Pinkertons in the January 1875 bombing of the house (in a room on the left). James's original grave was on the property but he was later moved to a cemetery in Kearney. The original footstone is still outside although the family unit has replaced the headstone.

John Younger was almost arrested in Dallas County, Texas in January 1871. He killed two lawmen [Nichols and Mcmahan] during the attempt and escaped.^{[9] [x]} On June three, 1871, the gang robbed a bank in Corydon, Iowa; the James and Younger brothers were suspects. The bank contacted the Pinkerton National Detective Bureau in Chicago, the commencement interest of the famous agency in the pursuit of the James–Younger Gang. Bureau founder Allan Pinkerton dispatched his son, Robert Pinkerton, who joined a canton sheriff in tracking the gang to a farm in Ceremonious Curve, Missouri. A short gunfight ended indecisively as the gang escaped. On June 24, Jesse James wrote a letter to the Kansas City Times, challenge Republicans were persecuting him for his Amalgamated loyalties by accusing him and Frank of conveying out the robberies. "But I don't care what the degraded Radical party thinks nearly me," he wrote, "I would just every bit before long they would think I was a robber every bit not."

On April 29, 1872, the gang robbed a bank in Columbia, Kentucky. Ane of the outlaws shot the cashier, R. A. C. Martin, who had refused to open the safe. On September 23, 1872, three men (identified by former bushwhacker Jim Chiles as Jesse James and Cole and John Younger) robbed a ticket booth of the Second Annual Kansas City Industrial Exposition, amidst thousands of people. They took some $900, and accidentally shot a little girl in the ensuing struggle with the ticket-seller. Apart from Chiles' testimony, there is no other evidence this crime was committed by the James or Younger brothers, and Jesse after wrote a letter denying his or the Youngers' involvement. Cole was furious over this, considering neither he nor brother John had been linked to the crime before the letter. The crime was praised by Kansas City Times editor John Newman Edwards in a famous editorial entitled, "The Chivalry of Crime." Edwards presently published an bearding letter from one of the outlaws (believed to be Jesse) that referred to the approaching presidential election: "Just permit a political party of men commit a bold robbery, and the weep is hang them. But [President Ulysses Due south.] Grant and his party can steal millions and it is all correct," the outlaw wrote. "They rob the poor and rich, and we rob the rich and requite to the poor."

On May 27, 1873, the James–Younger Gang robbed the Ste. Genevieve Savings Clan in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri. As they rode off they fired in the air and shouted, "Hurrah for Hildebrand!" Samuel S. Hildebrand was a famous Confederate bushwhacker from the area who had recently been shot dead in Illinois. Arthur McCoy had lived in this area and knew it quite well; he was probable involved and may have been the planner and leader.^{[ commendation needed ]}

On July 21, 1873, the gang carried out what was arguably the first train robbery west of the Mississippi River, derailing a locomotive of the Rock Island Railroad virtually Adair, Iowa. Engineer John Rafferty died in the crash. The outlaws took $two,337 from the express safety in the baggage motorcar, having narrowly missed a transcontinental limited shipment of a large amount of cash.

On November 24, John Newman Edwards published a lengthy glorification of the James brothers, Cole and John Younger, and Arthur McCoy, in a 20-page special supplement to his newspaper the St. Louis Acceleration (Edwards had moved from the Kansas Urban center Times to the Acceleration in 1873). Virtually of the supplement, entitled "A Terrible Quintet," was devoted to Jesse James, the gang'south public face, and the article stressed their Confederate loyalties.

1874 to 1876 [edit]

In Jan 1874, the outlaws were suspected of holding up a stagecoach in Bienville Parish, Louisiana. Later another suspected stage robbery took place between Malvern and Hot Springs, Arkansas. There, the gang returned a pocket watch to a Confederate veteran, saying that Northern men had driven them to outlawry and that they intended to brand them pay for it. On Jan 31, the gang robbed a southbound train on the Iron Mountain Railway at Gads Hill, Missouri. For the first of ii times in all their railroad train robberies, the outlaws robbed the passengers. In both train robberies, their usual target, the rubber in the baggage automobile belonging to an express company, held an unusually pocket-size amount of money. On this occasion, the outlaws reportedly examined the hands of the passengers to ensure that they did not rob any working men. Many newspapers reported this was actually done by the "Arthur McCoy" gang. To correct errors, the gang telegraphed a written report of the Gads Hill robbery to the St. Louis Acceleration newspaper for publication.^[11]

The Adams Express Company, which owned the safe robbed at Gads Hill, hired the Pinkerton National Detective Bureau. On March eleven, 1874, John Due west. Whicher, the agent who was sent to investigate the James brothers, was found shot to death alongside a rural route in Jackson County, Missouri.^[12] Two other agents, John Boyle and Louis J. Lull, accompanied by Deputy Sheriff Edwin B. Daniels to rail the Youngers, posed every bit cattle buyers. On March 17, 1874, the trio was stopped and attacked by John and Jim Younger on a rural stretch of route near Monegaw Springs, Missouri. Daniels was killed instantly,^[13] Lull and John Younger shot and killed each other, while Boyle and Jim Younger escaped.^[14] Lull lived long plenty to testify before a coroner's inquest before succumbing to his wounds a few days later.^[15]

The Pinkerton deaths added to the growing embarrassment suffered past Missouri'southward kickoff postal service-state of war Autonomous governor, Silas Woodson. He issued a $two,000 reward offer for the Iron Mount robbers (the reward usually offered for criminals was $300). He also persuaded the state legislature to provide $10,000 for a secret fund to rails down the famous outlaws. The first agent, J. Due west. Ragsdale, was hired on April ix, 1874. On August thirty, three of the gang held up a stagecoach across the Missouri River from Lexington, Missouri, in view of hundreds of onlookers on the bluffs of the town. A rider identified 2 of the robbers as Frank and Jesse James. The interim governor, Charles P. Johnson, dispatched an amanuensis selected from the St. Louis police department to investigate.

The gang side by side robbed a train on the Kansas Pacific Railroad well-nigh Muncie, Kansas, on December 8, 1874. It was one of the outlaws' most successful robberies, gaining them $thirty,000. William "Bud" McDaniel was captured by a Kansas City police officer after the robbery, and later was shot during an escape attempt.

On the night of January 25, 1875, Pinkerton agents surrounded the James farm in Kearney, Missouri. Frank and Jesse James had been there earlier but had already left. When the Pinkertons threw an iron incendiary device into the firm, it exploded when it rolled into a blazing fireplace. The blast nearly severed the right arm of Zerelda Samuel, the James boys' mother (the arm had to be amputated at the elbow that dark), and killed their ix-year-old half-blood brother, Archie Samuel. On April 12, 1875, an unknown gunman shot dead Daniel Askew, a neighbor and former Union militiaman who may accept been suspected of providing the Pinkertons with a base of operations for their raid. Allan Pinkerton and then abandoned the hunt for the James–Younger Gang.

By September 1875, at least function of the gang had ventured east to Huntington, West Virginia, where they robbed a bank on September vii. Two new members participated: Tom McDaniel (blood brother of Bud) and Tom Webb (a Confederate veteran who had been at Lawrence with Frank and Cole). McDaniel was killed by a posse and Webb was caught. The other two robbers, Frank and Cole, escaped.

Likewise in 1875, the two James brothers moved to the outskirts of Nashville, Tennessee, probably to salvage their female parent from further raids by detectives. In one case there, Jesse James began to write letters to the local press, asserting his identify as a Confederate hero and a martyr to Radical Republican vindictiveness.

On July vii, 1876, Frank and Jesse James, Cole and Bob Younger, Clell Miller, Charlie Pitts, Bill Chadwell and Hobbs Kerry robbed the Missouri Pacific Railroad at the "Rocky Cut" well-nigh Otterville, Missouri. The new man, Kerry, was arrested soon after and he readily identified his accomplices.

Northfield, Minnesota Raid [edit]

The Commencement National Bank edifice in Northfield, site of the robbery

From top to lesser: Bodies of Clell Miller and Bill Caldwell [aka Stiles]; Cole Younger; Charlie Pitts (two rows); Bob Younger; the Northfield Bank

A wounded Jim Younger after his abort in 1876

The Rocky Cutting raid gear up the stage for the final act of the James–Younger Gang: the famous Northfield, Minnesota raid on September 7, 1876. The target was the First National Bank of Northfield, which was far outside the gang'south usual territory. The idea for the raid came from Jesse and Bob Younger. Cole tried to talk his blood brother out of the programme, but Bob refused to back downwardly. Reluctantly, Cole agreed to go, writing to his brother Jim in California to come domicile. Jim Younger had never wanted annihilation to do with Cole's outlaw activities, but he agreed to get out of family unit loyalty. The Northfield banking company was not unusually rich. According to public reports, it was a perfectly ordinary rural depository financial institution, though rumors persisted that General Adelbert Ames, son of the owner of the Ames Manufactory in Northfield, had deposited $50,000 in that location. Before long after the robbery, Bob Younger declared that they had selected information technology considering of its connection to two Wedlock generals and Radical Republican politicians: Benjamin Butler and his son-in-law Adelbert Ames. General Ames had just stepped down as Governor of Mississippi, where he had been strongly identified with ceremonious rights for freedmen. He had recently moved to Northfield, where his male parent endemic the manufactory on the Cannon River and had a big amount of stock in the bank. 1 of the outlaws "had a spite" against Ames, Bob said. Cole Younger said much the same thing years later and recalled greeting "General Ames" on the street in Northfield just before the robbery.

Cole, Jim and Bob Younger, Frank and Jesse James, Charlie Pitts, Clell Miller and Bill Chadwell took the railroad train to St. Paul, Minnesota, in early September 1876. Later on a layover in St. Paul they divided into two groups, one going to Mankato, the other to Red Fly, on either side of Northfield. They purchased expensive horses and scouted the terrain around the towns, agreeing to see due south of Northfield forth the Cannon River near Dundas on the morning time of September 7, 1876. The gang attempted to rob the bank about 2:00 p.m. on September 7. Northfield residents had seen the gang go out a local restaurant near the mill soon after noon, where they dined on fried eggs. They testified at the Younger brothers' trial that the group smelled of alcohol and that the gang was obviously under the influence when they greeted General Ames.

Three of the outlaws (Bob Younger, Frank James and Charlie Pitts) crossed the bridge by the Ames Factory and entered the bank; the other five (Jesse James, Cole and Jim Younger, Neb Stiles and Clell Miller) stood guard exterior. Two were continuing outside the bank'southward front end door and the other three were waiting in Mills Square to baby-sit the gang's escape route. According to some reports, J. S. Allen shouted to the townspeople, "Get your guns, boys, they're robbing the bank!" In one case local citizens realized a robbery was in progress, several took up arms from local hardware stores. Shooting from backside comprehend, they poured mortiferous fire on the outlaws. During the gun battle, medical pupil Henry Wheeler killed Miller, shooting from a tertiary-flooring window of the Dampier House Hotel, across the street from the banking concern. Another noncombatant named A. R. Manning, who took cover at the corner of the Sciver building downwardly the street, killed Stiles. Other civilians wounded the Younger brothers (Cole was shot in his left hip, Bob suffered a shattered elbow, and Jim was shot in the jaw). The but civilian fatality on the street was 30-yr-quondam Nicholas Gustafson, an unarmed contempo Swedish immigrant, who was killed by Cole Younger at the corner of 5th Street and Division.

Thirteen Swedish families lived west of Northfield in the Millersburg area in 1876, including Peter Gustafson, who had recently been joined by his brother Nicolaus and nephew Ernst from Sweden. West of Millersburg that forenoon, Peter Youngquist harnessed his mules and headed for Northfield to sell farm produce, accompanied by Gustafson and three others. The Swedes arrived in Northfield about 1:00 p.chiliad. and fix their vegetable wagon along the Cannon River near 5th Street. About two:00 p.m., they heard gunshots. Nicolaus Gustafson ran to the intersection of Division and 5th a block away, where he was shot in the caput as the bank was beingness robbed. Gustafson died iv days later. Another Swede named John Olson was an eyewitness to the Gustafson shooting and subsequently testified against Cole Younger.

Inside the bank, the assistant cashier Joseph Lee Heywood refused to open the rubber and was murdered for resisting. The two other employees in the bank were teller Alonzo Bunker and assistant bookkeeper Frank Wilcox. Bunker escaped from the bank by running out the dorsum door despite existence wounded in the right shoulder past Pitts equally he ran. The three robbers then ran out of the bank after hearing the shooting outside and mounted their horses to make a run for it, having taken just several bags of nickels from the depository financial institution. Every year in September, Northfield hosts "Defeat of Jesse James Days", a celebration of the boondocks's victory over the James–Younger Gang.

In add-on to the death of Miller and Stiles, every one of the rest of the gang was wounded, including Frank James and Pitts, both shot in their correct legs. Jesse James was the last one to exist shot, taking a bullet in the thigh equally the gang escaped. The six surviving outlaws rode out of town on the Dundas Route toward Millersburg where iv of them had spent the dark before.

Backwash [edit]

Minnesotans joined posses and set up picket lines by the hundreds. Later several days the gang had only reached the western outskirts of Mankato when they decided to divide up (despite persistent stories to the contrary, Cole Younger told interviewers that they all agreed to the conclusion). The Youngers and Pitts remained on foot, moving west, until finally they were cornered in a swamp called Hanska Slough, simply south of La Salle, Minnesota, on September 21, ii weeks after the Northfield raid. In the gunfight that followed, Pitts was killed and the Youngers were again wounded. The Youngers surrendered and pleaded guilty to murder in order to avoid execution. Frank and Jesse secured horses and fled due west beyond southern Minnesota, turning south just inside the border of the Dakota Territory. In the face of hundreds of pursuers and a nationwide alarm, Frank and Jesse escaped, but the infamous James–Younger Gang was no more.

On September 23, 1876, the Younger brothers were taken to the Rice Canton jail in Faribault. On Nov xvi, a g jury issued four indictments—one each for the first-degree murders of Joseph Heywood and Nicolaus Gustafson, one for bank robbery, and i for assail with deadly weapons on the wounded bank clerk, Bunker. The three brothers pleaded guilty on November xx, 1876, and were sentenced to life terms in the Minnesota Territorial Prison at Stillwater.

Nicolaus Gustafson was buried in Northfield because the Millersburg Swedes had no cemetery in 1876. After his decease, the Millersburg Swedes determined to institute their own church and burial footing. Peter Youngquist and Carl Hirdler donated an acre of country next to their homes overlooking Circle Lake and in 1877 John Olson was hired to build the Christdala Evangelical Swedish Lutheran Church building two miles (3.ii km) west of Millersburg. Today the church is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and historical markers in front of the church tell the story of Nicolaus Gustafson and the founding of Christdala.

Final years [edit]

Winston, Missouri Rock Island Line depot

Having successfully escaped, Frank James joined Jesse in Nashville, Tennessee, where they spent the next three years living peacefully. Frank in particular seems to have thrived in his new life farming in the Whites Creek expanse. Jesse, however, did not adapt well to peace. Accordingly, he gathered upwardly new recruits, formed a new gang and returned to a life of crime. On October viii, 1879, Jesse and his gang robbed the Chicago and Alton Railroad well-nigh Glendale, Missouri. Unfortunately for Jesse, 1 of the men, Tucker Basham, was captured by a posse. He told authorities he had been recruited past Bill Ryan.^{[ citation needed ]}

On September 3, 1880, Jesse James and Bill Ryan robbed a stagecoach almost Mammoth Cavern, Kentucky. On October 5, 1880, they robbed the shop of John Dovey in Mercer, Kentucky. On March 11, 1881, Jesse, Ryan, and Jesse's cousin Woods Hite robbed a federal paymaster at Muscle Shoals, Alabama, taking $5,240.^[xvi] Shortly afterward, a boozer and boastful Ryan was arrested in Whites Creek, almost Nashville, and both Frank and Jesse James fled back to Missouri.^{[ citation needed ]}

On July fifteen, 1881, Frank and Jesse James, Wood and Clarence Hite, and Dick Liddil robbed the Rock Island Railroad near Winston, Missouri, of $900. Train conductor William Westfall^[17] and passenger John McCullough^[18] were killed. On September 7, 1881, Jesse James carried out his last railroad train robbery, holding up the Chicago and Alton Railroad. The gang held up the passengers when the express safe proved to exist nearly empty.

With this new outbreak of train robberies, the new Governor of Missouri, Thomas T. Crittenden, convinced the land'south railroad and express executives to put upwardly the money for a large advantage for the capture of the James brothers. Creed Chapman and John Bugler were arrested for participating in the robbery on September 7, 1881. Though they were confirmed as having participated in the robbery by convicted members of the gang, neither was e'er convicted.

In December 1881, Wood Hite was killed past Liddil in an argument over Martha Bolton, the sis of the Fords.^[19] Bob Ford, not however a member of the gang, assisted Liddil in his gunfight. Ford and Liddil, with Bolton as an intermediary, made deals with Governor Crittenden. On Feb eleven, 1882, James Timberlake arrested Wood Hite's brother Clarence, who fabricated a confession but died of tuberculosis in prison. Ford, on the other hand, agreed to bring down Jesse James in render for the reward.^{[ commendation needed ]}

On April 3, 1882, Ford fatally shot Jesse James behind the ear at James'due south rented apartment in St. Joseph, Missouri.^{[xx] [21]} Bob and his brother Charley surrendered to the authorities, pleaded guilty, and were promptly pardoned by Crittenden. On October 4, 1882, Frank James surrendered to Crittenden. Accounts say that Frank surrendered with the agreement that he would non be extradited to Northfield, Minnesota.^[22] Merely 2 cases ever came to trial: 1 in Gallatin, Missouri, for the July fifteen, 1881, robbery of the Rock Isle Line train at Winston, Missouri in which a train crewman and a rider were killed, and one in Huntsville, Alabama, for the March 11, 1881, robbery of a United States Army Corps of Engineers payroll at Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Frank James was found not guilty past juries in both cases (July 1883 at Gallatin and Apr 1884 at Huntsville). Missouri kept jurisdiction over him with other charges only they never came to trial and they kept him from being extradited to Minnesota. Frank James died on February eight, 1915, at the historic period of 72.^[23]

The Youngers remained loyal to the Jameses when they were in prison and never informed on them. They ended up being model prisoners and in ane incident helped keep other prisoners from escaping during a burn at the prison. Cole Younger also founded the longest-running prison newspaper in the United States during his stay at the Minnesota Territorial Prison in Stillwater.^{[ citation needed ]} Bob Younger died in prison of tuberculosis on September 15, 1889, at the historic period of 36. After much legal dispute, Cole and Jim Younger were paroled in 1901 on the condition they remain in Minnesota. Jim committed suicide on Oct 19, 1902, while on parole in St. Paul, at the age of 54. Cole Younger received a pardon in 1903 on the condition that he exit Minnesota and never render. He traveled to Missouri where he joined a "Wild West" bear witness with Frank James and died in that location on March 21, 1916, at the age of 72.^[24]

Legacy [edit]

Bill Ayers and Diana Oughton headed a splinter group of the Students for a Autonomous Guild (SDS) that called itself the "Jesse James Gang" and evolved into the Weather Underground.^[25]

In popular culture [edit]

Run into also [edit]

Film [edit]

• The James Boys in Missouri (1908)^[26]
• The Younger Brothers (1908)^[27]
• Jesse James (1939)
• Days of Jesse James (1939)
• Bad Men of Missouri (1941)
• Jesse James at Bay (1941)
• The Younger Brothers (1949)
• Kansas Raiders (1950)
• The Nifty Missouri Raid (1951)
• The True Story of Jesse James (1957)
• Young Jesse James (1960)
• The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid (1972)
• The Long Riders (1980)
• Frank and Jesse (1994)
• American Outlaws (2001)
• The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007)^[28]

Literature [edit]

• The James and Younger brothers are major characters in Wildwood Boys (William Morrow, 2000; New York), a biographical novel of "Bloody Bill" Anderson by James Carlos Blake
• The Story of Cole Younger, by Himself (Cole Younger, 1903; Chicago)

See too [edit]

• History of Missouri
• Bushwhackers
• Reconstruction Era
• List of Old West gangs

References [edit]

1. ^ Shirleymae Wells, "The Real Charlie Pitts—Samuel Wells," quantrillsguerillas.com, accessed 1 September 2014
2. ^ Wellman Jr., Paul I; Brown, Richard Maxwell (Apr 1986). A Dynasty of Western Outlaws. University of Nebraska Printing. p. 384. ISBN978-0803297098.
3. ^ National Historical Visitor (1885). History of Clay and Platte Counties, Missouri. St. Louis, Missouri: Press of Nixon-Jones Printing Co. pp. 259–260.
4. ^ "Clay County Savings Association Bank Liberty, Missouri". The James–Younger Gang: Come Ride With U.s.a.. Archived from the original on 22 December 1996. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
5. ^ "Jailer Henry Bugler". ODMP Remembers... The Officer Down Memorial Page.
6. ^ "Barry Grand. Griffin". ODMP Remembers... The Officer Down Memorial Folio.
7. ^ Darryl (12 July 2008). "Centre-Witness Account of 1869 Banking company Robbery". Daviess County Historical Society . Retrieved five September 2018.
8. ^ John W Sheets
9. ^ "Deputy Sheriff Charles H. Nichols". ODMP remembers... The Officer Down Memorial Page.
10. ^ "Deputy Sheriff James McMahan". ODMP remembers... The Officer Down Memorial Page.
11. ^ St. Louis Mail-Dispatch, Monday, Feb ii, 1874, page 1
12. ^ "William Pinkerton Interview". Kansas Metropolis Evening Star. July 21, 1881. Archived from the original on Dec iii, 2013.
13. ^ Edwin Daniels
14. ^ "Deputy Sheriff Edwin P. Daniels". ODMP remembers... The Officer Down Memorial Page.
15. ^ Louis J Lull Find a grave
16. ^ "Headquarters U.S. Ground forces Corps of Engineers > Most > History > Historical Vignettes > Full general History > 026 - Stolen Payroll". Usace.army.mil . Retrieved 24 August 2018.
17. ^ "William Harrison Westfall (1843–1881) – Find A Grave Memorial". www.findagrave.com . Retrieved 2015-05-07 .
18. ^ "Weekly graphic. (Kirksville, Adair Co., Mo.) 1880–1949, July 22, 1881, Image 2". Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. 22 July 1881. Retrieved 24 Baronial 2018.
19. ^ Bell, Bob Boze (13 December 2007). "Little by Liddil (Jesse Goes Downwards)". Truthful West Magazine . Retrieved 5 September 2018.
20. ^ "Jesse James is murdered". History.com. A&East Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
21. ^ "Jesse James shot in the back". History.com. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
22. ^ James–Younger Gang: Frank James Trial.
23. ^ Trimble, Marshall (1 Dec 2004). "Did Frank James die in the last shoot-out with the Ford that was still living?". True Due west Magazine . Retrieved 5 September 2018.
24. ^ Walter N. Trenerry (1962,85) Murder in Minnesota, chapter 8: "Highwaymen came riding", Minnesota Historical Society Press
25. ^ Peter Braunstein; Michael William Doyle, eds. (July 4, 2013). Imagine Nation: The American Counterculture of the 1960s and 70s. Routledge. ISBN9781136058905.
26. ^ Jesse James and the Movies, Johnny D. Boggs, chapter 3, p.23, pub. McFarland, 6 May 2011, ISBN 9780786484966
27. ^ Jesse James and the Movies, Johnny D. Boggs, affiliate iii, p.28, pub. McFarland, half-dozen May 2011, ISBN 9780786484966
28. ^ Hansen, Ron (10 October 2006). "Truth, Legend, and Jesse James". Santa Clara Magazine. Santa Clara University. Retrieved 28 Feb 2019.

Other sources [edit]

External video
Booknotes interview with Ted Yeatman on Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend, October 28, 2001, C-Span

• B. Wayne Quist (July 2009). "The Murder of Nicholaus Gustafson". The History of the Christdala Evangelical Swedish Lutheran Church of Millersburg, Minnesota (Third ed.). Dundas, Minnesota. pp. 19–23.
• Stiles, T. J. (October 2003). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Vintage. p. 544. ISBN978-0375705588.
• Settle Jr., William A. (June 1977). Jesse James Was His Name; or, Fact and Fiction concerning the Careers of the Notorious James Brothers of Missouri . Bison Books. pp. 283. ISBN978-0803258600.
• Yeatman, Ted P. (Feb 2003). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Backside the Legend. Cumberland House; Second Edition. p. 512. ISBN978-1581823257.
• Brant, Marley (April 1995). The Outlaw Youngers: A Confederate Alliance. Madison Books. p. 408. ISBN978-1568330457.
• Brant, Marley (April 1995). Outlaws: The Illustrated History of the James–Younger Gang. Blackness Chugalug Press; First Edition. p. 224. ISBN978-1880216361.

Further reading [edit]

• McLachlan, Sean (2012) The Terminal Ride of the James–Younger Gang; Jesse James and the Northfield Raid 1876. Osprey Raid Series #35. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781849085991

External links [edit]

• Northfield Bank Raid in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia
• Website for the American Experience documentary on Jesse James, broadcast on PBS, with transcript and additional cloth
• Website for T. J. Stiles'southward biography of Jesse James, with excerpts of primary sources and additional essays
• Official website for the family unit of Frank & Jesse James: Stray Leaves, A James Family in America Since 1650
• John Koblas, author of several Jesse James books
• Yesterday'southward News blog 1901 newspaper interview with Cole and Jim Younger upon their release from a Minnesota prison
• Northfield (Minnesota) Historical Club Bank Raid Wiki
• Defeat of Jesse James Days, held annually the weekend later Labor Day in Northfield, Minnesota
• The Younger Brothers: Later on the Attempted Robbery, a podcast past the Minnesota Historical Society on the Younger brothers' time in Stillwater State Prison
• Newspapers study the rise, exploits, and autumn of Jesse James and the James–Younger Gang
• Today's James Younger Gang

driggswispond.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%E2%80%93Younger_Gang

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